Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Introduction

Birds are hosts to a variety of parasitic worms that have complex life cycles, and most of the time, they act as the definitive host (1). Cestoda is the name given to a class of parasitic flatworms of the phylum Platyhelminthes (2). More than 1400 species of tapeworms have been described in domestic and wild birds; many are harmless or have mild pathogenicity (3,4). Parasitic worms disrupt the digestion and absorption of foods (5). Tapeworms infect more than 1700 of the approximately 4000 nominal species of birds (6). Adult cestodes may cause damage to the gizzard lining (Gastrotaenia), intestinal blockage, localized damage to the intestinal wall at the site of attachment, or irritation of the intestinal lining. Inflammation is the most common host reaction to cestode infection, and it appears to be most severe when the host and parasite are in contact for an extended period (7,8). Tapeworms may lead to the death of their hosts, especially when the infection is severe (9). The Black Francolin, Francolinus francolinus (Linnaeus 1766), known as the black partridge, is a medium-sized game bird that belongs to the Phasianidae family of the order Galliformes and has a global distribution. All of this family's birds are wild and are called the same name as the male and female as well as they rely on the grains as food (Graniivorous) (10-13). They may be found worldwide, from the high Himalayan peaks to the deep rain forests of Southeast Asia. There are 41 species in the genus Francolinus, five of which are limited to Asia and the remainder to Africa (14,15). Male Black Francolins are particularly conspicuous for their black underparts, often boldly spotted or streaked with white, prominent white cheeks, and chestnut neck collar. In addition to their outward variations from females, they have a distinctive high, loud voice, especially during the breeding season, while females maintain an inaudible sound (16,17). F. francolinus is known as "a farmer's buddy" since it feeds on insects. It commonly eats caterpillars, seeds, shoots, beetles, bugs, aphids, and ants, among other things (18,19). The population of this francolin in Asia is on the decrease. Illegal hunting, excessive gun uses for hunting, excessive predation, loss of food, overgrazing, habitat damage, drought, and agricultural chemicals have all been suggested as contributors to the decline (20). The morphological examination is generally suitable for identifying some parasites, except for some organisms that are morphologically difficult to distinguish, especially regarding species level (21). Intestinal tapeworms are frequently identified based on morphological features, transmission patterns, or pathological effects on their hosts (22). However, these criteria are often insufficient to establish a specific identity (23). Compared with other diagnostic techniques, molecular methods have higher sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing tapeworms than other methods (24,25). Molecular diagnosis and sequencing are the only reliable tool for identifying tapeworms at the species level (26). Recently, RNA and mitochondrial genes have been widely used to identify and study the evolutionary relationships between species due to their rapid rates of evolution at the species and genus levels (27). The results of studies using COI showed that it has the ability and good efficacy to determine a strain and genetic variation (28).

Black partridge in Iraq does not have many studies to search for tapeworms, except for three studies by Sawada and Mohammad (29), who recorded the species Raillietina francolini sp. nov. for the first time in the pheasant in Baghdad. Moreover, Mohammad (30) recorded the infection of black partridge in Baghdad province with two species of tapeworms, Rallietina tetragonal and Cotugnia digonopora, and Al-Aredhi (31) recorded two species of tapeworms Raillietina tetragonal. Cotugina sp. is parasitic on partridge in Al-Diwaniyah province. The current study aimed to conduct a molecular diagnosis of the tapeworms in F. francolinus based on the nested polymerase chain reaction technique in the province of Babylon.

Materials and methods

Ethical approve

The approval was given to conduct this scientific work by the University of Basra/ College of Education for Pure Sciences in their book No. 3/7/3061 on 14/12/2020.

Collection of bird specimens

A total of 35 birds of F. francolinus (18 males and 17 females) (Figure 1) were hunted from different locations in the province of Babylon during the period from January to October 2019 and identified by Allouse (32).

Collection of tapeworms

Dissected the birds from the chest till the end of their abdomen, then isolated their digestive tract and divided them into parts. The isolated tapeworms were placed in normal cold saline until their parts were relaxed and then fixed with a solution of alcohol, formalin, and acetic acid (AFA) 10 ml of formaldehyde, 50 ml of alcohol (95%), 5 ml of glacial acetic acid, and 45 ml of distilled water, heated to 60-63°C. Tapeworms were washed with ethanol 70%, then kept in single plastic containers with 70% ethanol, adding a few drops of glycerin (33).

Molecular analysis

Using an AddPrep tissue kit (Addbio, Korea), genomic DNA was extracted from ethanol-preserved worm’s tissues according to the manufacturer's instructions. For the polymerase chain reaction, 20 ng of genomic DNA was employed (PCR). Primers for the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene region (Table 1) were developed for PCR amplification (34). Cycling conditions (Initial denaturation 95^oC, 5 min (One cycle), denaturation 95^oC, 30 sec, annealing 60^oC, 35 sec, extension 72^oC 35 sec (39 cycle), final extension 72^oC, 5 min (One cycle). On a 1.5 percent agarose gel, the PCR products were validated. A BLAST search was performed to find relevant sequences in the NCBI database. Sequences were aligned directly with cestoda parasite sequences obtained from GenBank using SnapGene software.

Table 1: The single nucleotide sequence of the nitrogenous bases of the primers and the size of the output Nested-PCR reaction

Results

Nested-PCR

Seventeen out of 35 birds of both sexes from F. francolinus were found naturally infected with cestoda parasites (genus: Ophryocotyloides, Rodentolepis, Hydatigera, Raillietina), resulting in a prevalence of 48.57%. The incidence rate in females was higher than in males at 58.82% (10 of 17) and 41.17% (7 of 18), respectively. The Nested-PCR technique for detecting the COI gene shows a 562bp molecular weight (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Gel electrophoresis image (agarose= 1.5%) shows the positive amplicons of the detected cestodes (1-6); C controls negative in which similar reaction components of PCR were used except H2O was added instead of DNA, M is a molecular marker from Genedirex.

Sequences result

From matching the sequences of the tapeworms recorded in the current study with the sequences of tapeworms registered in the NCBI Gene bank for the same cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene, it was a high degree of similarity of 93.44-100% between the tapeworms samples isolated in the current study (Ophryocotyloides dasi, Rodentolepis nana, Hydatigera parva, R. mahnerti, R. hymenolepidoides, Raillietina sp.) with the species registered in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (Table 2).

Table 2: Comparison of the identified cestodes in F. francolinus with global deposited sequences at NCBI

Phylogenetic tree

After reading the sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene of the tapeworms isolated in the current study, a phylogenetic tree analysis was drawn using MegaX software (Figure 2). This shows the evolution history using the neighbor-joining method. When comparing the diagnosed species, a percentage of affinity of 66-87 was found for the original Rodentolepis nana. In the two species, Ophryocotyloides dasi and Raillietina sp., the percentage of affinity is 66%, while the difference is 34% from the original. For the species R. hymenolepidoides, the percentage of affinity is 81%, while the difference is 19% from the original. For the species R. mahnerti, the percentage of affinity is 82%, while the difference is 18% from the original. For the species Hydatigera parva, the percentage of affinity is 87%, while the difference is 13% from the original.

Figure 2: Phylogenetic tree analysis of the identified cestode sequences followed by the obtained accession numbers and the identified hosts. This shows the evolution history using the neighbor-joining method carried out by MegaX software.

Discussion

The current study's infection rate of tapeworms is lower than that of Mohammad (30) in Baghdad Province and Al-Aredhi (31) in Al-Diwaniyah Province, which are 61.9% and 76.13%, respectively. Also, the infection rate was lower than the percentage recorded in Pakistan by Naz et al. (35), which was 85%.In this study, Raillietina sp. was found to be parasitic on F. francolinus in Iraq, and Mohammad and Al-Moussawi (36) had earlier discovered it in P. domesticus in Baghdad.In comparison, Abbas (37) found that S. senegalensis in Babylon province was infected with tapeworms Raillietina spp. Raillietina hymenolepidoides was first isolated from F. francolinus in Iraq, and Mariaux and Georgiev (38) were the first to record this type of worms, R. hymenolepidoides sp. nov., in the Malaysian on dove Chalcophaps indica. In this study, Ophryocotyloides dasi was isolated for the first time from F. francolinus in Iraq, and Mariaux and Georgiev (38) isolated it from Psilopogon henricii in Malaysia. The species Rodentolepis nana (syn. Hymenolepis nana) was isolated for the first time in Iraq from F. francolinus, and in Bulgariait was isolated by Iliev et al. (39) from the black rat, Rattus rattus, while Zonta et al. (40) managed to record this type of worms in Leopardus geoffroyi in Argentina, and isolated by Grano-Maldonado (41) from Aspiculuris tetraptera and Syphacia obvelata in Mexico. For the first time, Raillietina mahnerti was isolated from F. francolinus in Iraq. Mariaux and Georgiev (38) described it as a new species, R. mahnerti sp. nov., infecting the dove Chalcophaps indica in Malaysia. The species Hydatigera parva was isolated for the first time in Iraq from F. francolinus, and in Senegal was isolated by Catalano et al. (42) from Mastomys huberti, while Julius et al. (43) managed to record this type of worms in Mastomys coucha in South Africa.

Conclusions

From the present work results, it can be concluded that F. francolinus is infected with six types of tapeworms, five of which were recorded for the first time in Iraq as parasitic on F. francolinus.

Acknowledgments

I want to thank the Biology Department, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Basrah, Iraq for the facilities I provided for conducting the research.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript. 

1. The importance of domestic birds as hosts for tapeworms.
2. Detection of new species of tapeworms in black pheasants.
3. Use of molecular methods in the diagnosis of tapeworms.

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