Synergizing the deltamethrin larvicidal activity against Aedes albopictus larvae using cinnamaldehyde in Diwaniyah, Iraq
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2020, Volume 34, Issue 2, Pages 317-320
10.33899/ijvs.2019.126026.1212
Abstract
The current work on mosquito larvae was performed to evaluate the resistance status of larvae to deltamethrin (DM) and to detect if the larvicidal activity (LA) of this chemical could be synergized after exposing the larvae to cinnamaldehyde (CD). Here, 200 Aedes albopictus larvae were employed for the experiment and were divided randomly into 2 groups (100/each group and placed in petri-dishes (PD), 10 larvae/PD), and they are the DM group (1ml of 0.04 mg/l in 99ml of distilled water (DW) was placed to each PD) and the DM+CD group (1ml of 0.04 mg/l and 1ml of 0.9mg/l respectively were placed with 98ml DW in each PD). The experiment was lasted for 24hrs. Larvae were detected to have resistance against DM as 45% to 60% of the larvae were killed by the DM, 40% to 55% resistance rate. However, when evaluating DM activity with the use of CD, the LA was synergized showing mortality in 87% to 92% of the larvae in which a significant increase in the mortality in DM+CD group was noticed more than that in the DM group. Furthermore, RT-qPCR was run to identify the expression status of the P540 monooxygenase gene, Cyp6p15, and found that the gene expression was significantly inhibited in the DM+CD group when comparing that in the DM group that showed overexpression of this gene. This work results provide viable information about the potential activity of the cinnamaldehyde in synergizing the larvicidal activity of deltamethrin.Synergizing the deltamethrin larvicidal activity against Aedes albopictus larvae using cinnamaldehyde in Diwaniyah, Iraq
M.J. Ali1, A.C. Karawan2, D.R. Al-Fetly3 and M.A. Alfatlawi4
1,2,4 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, 3 Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
Email: 1 mansour_para@yahoo.com, 2karawan@gmail.com, 3dhafer.hahmeed@qu.edu.iq, 4 monyerr.abd@qu.edu.iq
(Received August 21, 2019; Accepted September 11, 2019; Available online June 13, 2020)
Abstract
The current work on mosquito larvae was performed to evaluate the resistance status of larvae to deltamethrin (DM) and to detect if the larvicidal activity (LA) of this chemical could be synergized after exposing the larvae to cinnamaldehyde (CD). Here, 200 Aedes albopictus larvae were employed for the experiment and were divided randomly into 2 groups (100/each group and placed in petri-dishes (PD), 10 larvae/PD), and they are the DM group (1ml of 0.04 mg/l in 99ml of distilled water (DW) was placed to each PD) and the DM+CD group (1ml of 0.04 mg/l and 1ml of 0.9mg/l respectively were placed with 98ml DW in each PD). The experiment was lasted for 24hrs. Larvae were detected to have resistance against DM as 45% to 60% of the larvae were killed by the DM, 40% to 55% resistance rate. However, when evaluating DM activity with the use of CD, the LA was synergized showing mortality in 87% to 92% of the larvae in which a significant increase in the mortality in DM+CD group was noticed more than that in the DM group. Furthermore, RT-qPCR was run to identify the expression status of the P540 monooxygenase gene, Cyp6p15, and found that the gene expression was significantly inhibited in the DM+CD group when comparing that in the DM group that showed overexpression of this gene. This work results provide viable information about the potential activity of the cinnamaldehyde in synergizing the larvicidal activity of deltamethrin.
Keywords: cinnamaldehyde, deltamethrin, larvicide, resistance
DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2019.126026.1212, © 2020, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul.
This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
التأثیر التازری لنشاط المبید الدلتامثرین المضاد لیرقات بعوض Aedes albopictusباستخدام السیناملدهاید فی الدیوانیة، فی العراق
منصور جدعان علی1، أزهار جفات کروان1، ظفر رشید الفتلی2، منیر عبد الأمیر الفتلاوی1
1 فرع الأحیاء المجهریة والطفیلیات البیطریة، 2 فرع الطب الباطنی والوقائی، کلیة الطب البیطری، جامعة القادسیة، العراق
الخلاصة
اجری البحث على یرقات البعوض لتقییم مقاومة یرقاتها للدیلتامیثرین، وهل تزداد فعالیة المادة الأخیرة على یرقات البعوض بعد تعریض الیرقات للسینامالدیهاید. استخدم 200 یرقة بعوض من جنس Aedes albopictus للتجربة، قسمت بشکل عشوائی إلى مجموعتین وبواقع 100 یرقه فی کل طبق بتری. استخدمت 1 مل من الدیلتامیثرین بترکیز 0.04 ملغ / لتر فی 99 مل من الماء المقطر لکلا المجموعتین فی التجربة الأولى، أضیف 1 مل من السینامالدیهاید بترکیز 0.04 ملغ / لتر فی 99 مل من الماء المقطر بالإضافة إلى المادة الأولى فی کلا الطبقان فی التجربة الثانیة. استمرت التجربة 24 ساعة. فی المرحلة الأولى أضیف للدیلتامیثرین فقط لکلا المجموعتین، بلغت نسبة الهلاکات فی الیرقات 45 و 60% للطبق الأول والثانی على التوالی، ومعدل المقاومة 55 و 40% للمرحلة الأولى من التجربة فی الطبقان على التوالی. فی المرحلة الثانیة من التجربة أضیف الدیلتامیثرین والسینامالیهاید معا حیث کانت نسبه الهلاکات فی الیرقات 87 و 92% للطبق الأول والثانی، فضلا على ذلک، استخدم فحص RT-qPCR لتحدید الوصف لجین P540 أحادی الأوکسجین، Cyp6p15، لوحظ تأثیر جینی کبیر عند استخدام الدیلتامیثرین والسینامالیهاید معا مقارنه مع التأثیر الجینی عند استخدام الدیلتامیثرین فقط. أن نتائج هذا البحث أظهرت تأثیر تعاضدی للسینامالدیهاید مع الدیلتامیثرین فی استخدام الأخیر کمبید لیرقات البعوض.
Introduction
Resistance to insecticide is an important global subject that affects people life in different health and economic subjects. Mosquitoes are considered as one of the most important disease transmitting vectors (1-3). Mosquitoes are a well-known vector to transmit different pathogens such as plasmodium (4), dengue virus (5), the west Nile virus (6), the yellow fever virus (7), Zika virus (8). Those pathogens cause severe health conditions that sometimes result in high mortalities in human (9). Controlling of these diseases depends highly on controlling those vectors; however, the process has become not easy as insecticide resistance emerges every day to different insecticides, the old or the newly invented insecticides (10). Mosquitoes are being understood to develop insecticide resistance via different mechanisms such as the P450 monooxygenase system present in mosquitoes that acts to generate detoxification of insecticides by P450-dependent degradation processes (11). Interestingly, these detoxification techniques also were suggested via the presence of bacterial P450 of the mosquito microbiota (12-14).
Using insecticide without efficient and successful results introduces more complication into the environment leading to catastrophic pollution that adds more impacts on the health and economy of the world (15,16). The current work on mosquito larvae was performed to evaluate the resistance status of larvae to deltamethrin (DM) and to detect if the larvicidal activity (LA) of this chemical could be synergized after exposing the larvae to cinnamaldehyde (CD).
Materials and methods
The protocol of larval rearing and conditions was followed from (14,17,18). Here, 200 Aedes albopictus larvae (third instar) were employed for the experiment and were divided randomly into 2 groups (100/each group and placed in petri-dishes (PD), 10 larvae/PD), and they are the DM group (1ml of 0.04 mg/l in 99ml of distilled water (DW) was placed to each PD) and the DM+CD group (1ml of 0.04 mg/l and 1ml of 0.9mg/l respectively were placed with 98ml DW in each PD). These PDs were incubated under the conditions of 27±2°C and 85% of humidity. The experiment was lasted for 24hrs. A triplicate for each group was performed.
RT-qPCR
For this part of this study, the experiment was re-run to collect the live larvae after 20hrs. The total RNA was extracted using the hot phenol extraction method (19). The gene expression of the P450 monooxygenase, Cyp6p15, was tested. The cDNA was synthetized using 100ng of the RNA and following the use of RevertAid Premium Kit (Fermentas, USA). The RT-qPCR was done using KAPA SYBR FAST qRT-PCR Kit (Biosystem, USA) in the Bio-Rad system (Hercules, USA) using the primers F: CGG ATA TTC AGG AGA GG and R: ATA ACC AGG TCG TAT GT. The normalization gene used was rpL8 (GenBank M99055.1). The conditions and methodology used for the RT-qPCR were from (20).
Statistical analyses
Mean ± SE were employed to process and display the data at a significant probability at P
Results
Larval mortality
Larvae were detected to have resistance against DM as 45% to 60% of the larvae were killed by the DM, 40% to 55% resistance rate. However, when evaluating DM activity with the use of CD, the LA was synergized showing mortality in 87% to 92% of the larvae in which a significant increase in the mortality in DM+CD group was noticed more than that in the DM group (Table 1) (Figure 1).
Table 1: Shows the mortality rates of the larvae in each group of the experiment
Time point |
Triplicates |
Mortalities |
|
DM+CD |
DM |
||
After 24hrs |
1 |
92 (92%) |
54 (54%) |
2 |
89 (89%) |
60 (60%) |
|
3 |
87 (87%) |
45 (45%) |
Figure 1: The larvicidal activity comparison between the two experimental groups.
Cyp6p15 expression
Cyp6p15 was significantly inhibited in the DM+CD group when comparing that in the DM group that showed overexpression of this gene (Figure 2).
Figure 2: The MRNA relative expression in the two experimental groups.
Discussion
Resistance to insecticide is an important global subject that affects people life in different health and economic subjects. Mosquitoes are a well-known vector to transmit different pathogens such as plasmodium (4), dengue virus (5), the west Nile virus (6), the yellow fever virus (7), Zika virus (8). Controlling of these diseases depends highly on controlling those vectors; however, the process has become not easy as insecticide resistance emerges every day to different insecticides, the old or the newly invented insecticides (10). Mosquitoes are being understood to develop insecticide resistance via different mechanisms such as the P450 monooxygenase system present in mosquitoes that acts to generate detoxification of insecticides by P450-dependent degradation processes (11). According to this information, the current work was important to be performed to place more successful procedures to control mosquitoes.
The results, here, presented interesting data that Aedes albopictus larvae had resistance against deltamethrin. According to Li et al. (18) who found resistance in larvae of Aedes albopictus against deltamethrin in China, the current results completely agree with that work. The latest workers suggested that this resistance was initiated due to activities of certain enzymes such as P450 monooxygenase especially in adult mosquitoes (18). Difficulty in controlling larval mosquitos or developing resistance against pyrethroid by larvae belong to this mosquito species could end up with spreading and emerging of different diseases that this mosquito transmits such as Dengue and Chikunguny (21). Aedes albopictus, Asian tiger mosquito, is a mosquito species that actively feed on blood by biting during day time (22,23) and was also found to transmit viruses such as Zika virus (24). Controlling this mosquito via inventing different procedures to overcome the problem of insecticide resistance is important to stop spreading of these pathogens via this mosquito.
Interestingly, the current work results identified that cinnamaldehyde improved the activity of deltamethrin against the larvae employed for this work. Cinnamomum osmophloeum leaf essential oil was found to act as a larvicide against Anopheles gambiae s.s larvae (17,25), and these co-workers predicted that this activity might have been due to cinnamaldehyde (26). The current work used cinnamaldehyde with deltamethrin to synergize the activity of each other resulting in high rates of mortalities in these larvae. This work results provide viable information about the potential activity of the cinnamaldehyde in synergizing the larvicidal activity of deltamethrin.
Conclusion
To evaluate the resistance status of larvae of mosquito to deltamethrin. We use cinnamaldehyde to study there larvicidal activity of deltamethrin against larvae of mosquito (Aedes albopictus). Larvicidal activity was of deltamethrin synergized and showing mortality reach to 92% when use cinnamaldehyde.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Professor Jabbar Ahmed Alssady Dean of College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al- Qadisiyah, Iraq, for technical assistance.
Conflict of interests
The authors have not received any funding or benefits from industry, agency of financing, or elsewhere to conduct this study.
1. Recently published in Genome sequences of Theileria in Buffalo (Protozoa).
2. Recently published in Genome sequences of Babesia of camel (Protozoa).
3. Recently published in epidemiology of Theileria in sheep (Protozoa).
4. Recently published in Genome sequences of Moniezia in sheep (cestoda).
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