Authors
1
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike
2
Department of Veterinary Parasitology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
3
Research Directorate, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
4
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
,
Document Type : Research Paper
Abstract
Haematological changes, oxidative stress markers and electrolyte alterations were evaluated in puppies infected with canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) that were presented to veterinary hospitals and clinics in South Eastern, Nigeria. Fifty-one dogs were used for the study and they were assigned into three groups. Group I consist of 21 diarrhoeic dogs naturally infected with canine parvovirus, groups II, were 15 diarrhoeic dogs uninfected with canine parvovirus and group III, were 15 apparently healthy dogs which served as the control. Immunochromatographic (IC) test was used to screen the dogs for canine parvovirus type 2 infections. The mean red blood cell (RBC) counts, packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (HB) concentrations were significantly lower in the diarrhoeic infected than diarrhoeic non-infected and the control groups. The mean catalase (CAT) of diarrhoeic non-infected group was significantly lower than diarrhoeic infected group and the control. The mean malondialdehyde (MDA) of both diarrhoeic infected and diarrhoeic non-infected groups were significantly higher than the control. The mean serum sodium (Na+) level of the diarrhoeic non infected group was significantly lower than the diarrhoeic infected group. The mean serum potassium (K+) level was significantly lower both in diarrhoeic infected and diarrhoeic non-infected groups compared to the control groups. It was therefore concluded that the levels of oxidative stress and electrolyte alterations may not be affected by the origin or aetiology of a disease (CPV-2), but on the severity of the infection.
- Carmichael LE, An annotated historical account of canine parvovirus. J Vet Med. 2005;52:303-311. Doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2005.00868.x
- Panda D, Patra RC, Nandi D, Swarup D. Oxidative stress indices in gastroenteritis in dogs with canine parvoviral infection. Res Vet Sci. 2009;86:36-42. Doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.05.008
- Castro TX, Miranda SC, Labarthe NV, Silva LE, Cubel Garcia RCN. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis in the State of Rio de Janeiro: 1995-2004. Arq Brasileiro de Med Vet Zoo. 2007;59(2):333-339. Doi: 10.1590/s0102-09352007000200010
- Gombac M, Tadic M, Svara T, Pogaenik M. Canine Parvovirus: A Review. Inter J Sci Appl Res. 2017;2(2):74-95. Doi: 10.1036/1097-8542.757249
- Goddard A, Leisewitz AL. Canine Parvovirus. Vet Clin Small Anim Pract. 2010;40:1041-1053. Doi: 10.1016/b978-1-56053-421-1.50093-4
- Duffy A, Dow S, Ogilvie G, Rao S, Hackett T. Hematologic improvement in dogs with parvovirus infection treated with recombinant canine granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. J Vet Pharmacol Theriogenol. 2010;33(4):352-356. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01153.x
- Sykes JE. Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritis. In: Sykes JE editor. Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. 1st ed. St Louis: Elsevier; 2014. 141-151 p. doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0795-3.00014-4
- Schoeman JP. State of the Art: Biomarkers in parvoviral enteritis. World Small Animal Veterinary World Congress Proceedings; 2013.
- Mylonakis ME, Kali I, Rallis TS. Canine parvoviral enteritis: Update on the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Vet Med Res Rep. 2016;7:91-100.Doi: 10.2147/vmrr.s80971
- Houston DM, Ribble CS, Head LL. Risk factors associated with parvovirus enteritis in dogs: 283 cases (1982-1991). J Am Vet Med Ass. 1996;208:542-546. Doi: 10.4314/ari.v2i3.40870
- McCaw D, Hoskins JD. Canine Viral enteritis. In: Green CE editor. Infectious disease of the dog and cat. 4th ed. St Louis: Saunders; 2006. 63-73 p.
- Kalli I, Leontides LS, Mylonakis ME, Adamama K, Koutinas AF. Factors affecting the occurrence duration of hospitalization and final outcome in Canine parvovirus infection.Res Vet Sci.2010;89(2):174-178. Doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.02.013
- Turk J, Miller M, Brown T. Coliform septicemia and pulmonary disease associated with canine parvoviral enteritis: 88 cases (1987-1988). J Am Vet Med Ass. 1990;196:771-773. PMID: 2155191
- Otto CM, Drobatz KJ, Soter C. Endotoxemia and tumour necrosis factor activity in dogs with naturally occurring parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Inter Med. 1997;11(2):65-70. Doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00075.x
- Torres MA, Jones JA, Danji JL. Reactive oxygen species signalling in response to pathogens. Plant Physiol. 2006; 141(2):373-378. Doi: 10.1002/9780470988565.ch7.
- Eze JI, Anene BM, Chukwu CC. Determination of serum and organmalondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, a lipid peroxidation index, in Trypanosoma brucei infected rat. Comp Clin Pathol. 2008;17(2):67-72. Doi: 10.1007/s00580-008-0722-6.
- Manisha N, Hasan W, Rajak R, Jat D. Oxidative stress and antioxidants: an overview. Inter J Advan Res Rev. 2017;2(9):110-119. Doi: 10.5772/34134.
- Esfandiari J, Klingeborn B. A comparative study of a new rapid and one-step test for the detection of parvovirus in faeces from dogs, cats and mink. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Pub Heal. 2000;47:145-153. Doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00328.x
- Moron MS, Depierre JW, Mannervik B. Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione s-transferase activities in rat lung and liver. Biochem Biophysica Acta. 1979;582:67-78. doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(79)90289-7. Doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(79)90289-7
- Markland S, Markland G. Involvement of Superoxide anion radical in the anti-oxidation of pyrogallol and convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Euro J Biochem. 1974;469-474. Doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x
- Sinha AK. Colorimetric Assay of Catalase. Analy Biochem. 1972;47:389-394. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(72)90132-7. Doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(72)90132-7
- Wallin B, Rosengren B, Shertzer HG, Camejo, G. Lipoprotein oxidation and measurement of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances formation in a single microtiter plate: Its use for evaluation of antioxidants. Analy Biochem. 1993;208:10-15. Doi: 10.1006/abio.1993.1002
- Biswas S, Das P, Ghosh SK, Pradhan NR. Detection of canine parvovirus (CPV) DNA by polymerase chain reaction assay and its prevalence in dogs in and around Kolkata, West Bengal. Indian J Anim Sci. 2006;76(4):324-325.
- Wazir VS, Gupta SK, Bhardwaj RK, Taku AK, Summers BA. Clinic-haematological alterations in CPV. In Proceedings of 29th ISVM Convention and National Symposium on "Recent Developments in Diagnostics and Therapeutics Including Applications of Nano-Technology in Veterinary Medicine" 17 -19 February 2011.
- Meyer DJ, Harvey JW. Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Interpretation and diagnosis. 2nd ed. New York: Saunders, 1998: 43-82. Doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00356.x
- Ezeibe MCO, Udegbunam RI. Haematology of dogs infected with canine distemper virus. Sokoto J Vet Sci. 2008;7(2):31-33.
- Goddard A, Leisewitz AL, Christopher MM, Duncan NM, Becker PL. Prognostic usefulness of blood leukocyte changes in canine parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Inter Med. 2008;22(2):309-316. Doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0073.x
- Dash S, Das MR, Sathapathy S, Patra RC, Senapati SK, Jena GR. Haematological, Serum Biochemical Alterations and Efficacy of different therapeutic regimens in Haemorrhagic Gastroenteritis with special reference to Canine Parvovirus infection. Glob J Biosci Biotechnol. 2017;6(2):267-271. Doi: 10.5958/0973-970x.2016.00062.6
- Greene CE, Appel MJ. Canine Distemper. In: Greene CE editor. Infectious diseases of the dogs and cats. 3rd ed. New York: Elsevier; 2006.
- Pardo IPR. Phylogenetic characterization of canine distemper virus detection in naturally infected North American dogs. [PhD dissertation]. Missouri: Graduate school of University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri, USA; 2006.
- Simpson E. Small intestinal disease, manual of feline and canine Gastroenterology. Euro J Pub. 1996;11(2):12-20.
- Li R, Humm KR. Canine parvovirus infection. In: Silverstein DC, Hoper K editors. Small Animal Critical Care Medicine. 2nd ed. St Louis: Elsevier; 2015. 509-513 p. doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2591-7.10112-2
- Anigilaje EA. Management of Diarrhoeal Dehydration in Childhood: A Review for Clinicians in Developing Countries. Frontiers in Ped. 2018;6:1-19. Doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00028.