Main Subjects : Veterinary Microbiology
Study the effect of cloned pET-32a(+) plasmid by Lysostaphin gene against Staphylococcus aureus
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2021, Volume 35, Issue 2, Pages 233-238
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2020.126698.1362
Lysostaphin is a protein zinc metalloproteinase, extracted from Staphylococcus simulans, which disrupting peptide layer of S. aureus. In this study, Lysostaphin gene was detected in the S. simulans isolates. The molecular weight of the Lysostaphin gene is 750 bp. We were used the pET-32a(+) plasmid to cloning lysostaphin gene which transformed to competent rubidium chloride E. coli DH5α for producing the lysostaphin protein. The lysostaphin protein from this gene which isolated from S. simulans, then used the expression of used to killed S. aureus, which has the thick layer of wall that is the very difficult bacteria response to treatment. The result was reported succeeded pET-32a (+) plasmid to expressed lysostaphin gene and gave lysostaphin protein with high quality and quantity. As well as the result was appeared the high accuracy of his tag method in protein extraction and purification, and the quality and quantity more than other studies.
Detection of CTX-M gene in extended spectrum β-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from bovine milk
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2021, Volume 35, Issue 2, Pages 397-402
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2020.126909.1412
Extended spectrum β-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) have emerged recently as the main cause that facilitates the spreading of antibiotic resistance worldwide. Due to its composition and nutritive values, raw cow milk is vulnerable to bacterial contamination from different sources, especially ESBL-E. Accordingly, present study aimed to detect the ESBL-E in the raw milk of healthy cows. 80 raw cow milk samples were collected from unorganized farms and cows belong to individual owners and investigated for the presence of ESBL-E with the main focusing on CTX-M type. The bacterial isolation was performed using selective MacConkey agar plus cefotaxime (MC+), while PCR was used to confirm the species of the isolated bacteria and presence of CTX-M gene. The results showed that 28.75%(23/80) samples were ESBL-E positive and distributed as following, 82.61%(19/23) were pure E. coli isolates, 4.35%(1/23) was pure K. pneumoniae isolate and finally, 13.04%(3/23) were mixed of both E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates. Moreover, the total number of positive ESBL-E was 26 isolates with the majority of them were belong to E. coli and recorded 84.61%(22/26), while K. pneumoniae was recorded less 15.39%(4/26). Additionally, the CTX-M gene was successfully identified in all ESBL-E positive isolates by using PCR, including E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates. The results of this study assert the importance of raw cow milk as a potential source of ESBL-E that might be transmitted to humans.
Molecular analysis of ompA gene Pasteurella multocida Indonesia local isolates
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2021, Volume 35, Issue 2, Pages 211-216
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.125934.1191
The aim of this research was to analyze ompA molecular gene of Pasteurella multocida buffalo isolate and bovine isolate from Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia and Katha strain isolate from hemorrhagic septicemia vaccine. Determinant of P. multocida local isolates ompA gene amplification sequencing PCR then conducted to see the sequence of nucleotide sequences of ompA gene. The results of PCR amplification showed an amplicon of 559 bp of all isolates. The homology analysis result of the isolates ranged from 93 - 100% with 13 P. multocida isolates from GenBank, and phylogenetic tree analysis shows that buffalo isolate was closely related to Katha strain, Iran, India and China isolate. Whereas bovine isolate far enough with buffalo and Katha strain isolate. Nucleotide sequences were compared to amino acids then by the method of Kolaskar and Tongaonkar antigenicity predicted antigens in P. multocida. B cell epitope predictions from local isolates and Katha strain were found in five peptides QVSPVFAG, IPELALRVEYQ, GQSVYVPEVVSKT, LKSASVAVAG, and ANYLVAKG.
Investigation of gcat gene and antibiotic resistance pattern of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from hemorrhagic septicemia’s cases in fish farms
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2021, Volume 35, Issue 2, Pages 375-380
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2020.126876.1405
The significance of Aeromonas hydrophila concerning hemorrhagic septicemia in aquaculture farms production in Duhok province, Iraq was investigated. Antibiotic-resistant profiles of isolates were also investigated with 8 antibiotics. Bacterial isolates were identified by using morphological and biochemical tests and confirmed molecularly by amplification of gcat gene. Out of 25 examined fish, only 19 fish were harbored A. hydrophila. Twenty-four A. hydrophila strains were isolates from 100 organ samples. Ninety-six percentages of the isolates were resistant to each of the imipenem and gentamicin, followed by doxycycline 92%, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 88%, norfloxacin 58% and ceftriaxone 33%. None were resistant to levofloxacin. Eighty-eight percentages were multiple antibiotics resistant. The high isolation rate of A. hydrophila in our study indicates that this species was the major cause of the outbreak in hemorrhagic septicemia’s cases in our area affecting carp farms and the high rate of resistance should be considered as these isolates can serve as a resistance source for human being during food series and make a great challenge for their therapeutic opportunity.
Evaluation the safety and synergistic effect of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles with antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2021, Volume 35, Issue 1, Pages 71-77
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2020.126298.1294
The antimicrobial resistance currently impedes and threatens the future of effective prevention and treatment of the continually expanding range of infections caused by bacteria. This study aimed to identify the bacterial causes the wound infection among animals and using the antibiotic/nanoparticles mixture as a new attempt for the treatment the wound infection induced in rats. For this purpose, 112 swabs wound infection cases in the different animal types (36 sheep, 21 goats, 12 cows, 4 horses, 8 dogs, 9 rabbits, 7 genies pigs and 15 rats) were studied in the for bacterial isolation. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa was tested for its sensitivity to the antibiotics and the nanoparticles (CoFe2O4 and NiFe2O4) in vitro by using the MIC method. Also the wound infection was induced in the rats and the effect of nanoparticles/antibiotics mixture were tested in vivo. The results showed that P. aeruginosa was the predominant bacterial type that the caused wound infection. The minimum inhibitor concentration of NiFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were 32 µg /ml and 16 µg /ml respectively. A clear synergistic effect of antibiotic/ nanoparticles as antibacterial were noticed which appear as a decrease in MIC and increase of the inhibitory diameter zone. According to the result of Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA test, the nanoparticles effects on genetic material of P. aeruginosa observed as an appearance/disappearance of bands, increase in thickness and clarity of the bands.
Molecular fingerprinting of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from human and poultry in Duhok, Iraq
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2021, Volume 35, Issue 1, Pages 99-103
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2020.126375.1310
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been recently identified in poultry and farm workers. The aim of this work was to investigate the epidemiological relatedness of MRSA among chickens and farmworker. MRSA isolates (n=50) from human (n=14) and from chikens (n=36) were tested for molecular epidemiological relatedness between human and poultry. RAPD-PCR was carried out for fingerprinting of MRSA isolates genome. Seven genotypes group (A-G) have been identified. All human MRSA were belonging to genotype A. Whereas, chickens MRSA isolates was belonging to different genotype patterns groups (A-G). To conclude, human MRSA was belonging to one genotype pattern but the chickens MRSA strains were belonging to seven genotypes. The genotype pattern A was the most dominant among all MRSA isolates. It is possible that the chickens play an important role for the human exposure to MRSA by direct contact. Further studies are required to address the relatedness between human and chicken MRSA.
Incidence of internal parasites of the slaughtered local breeds of ducks and geese
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2021, Volume 35, Issue 1, Pages 39-44
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2020.126242.1272
This study was carried out to determine the presence of gastrointestinal parasites of local ducks and geese in Nineveh province. Sixty-four ducks and seventy geese of different ages and sexes were purchased from local markets. Necropsy findings in ducks reviled a total infection rate of 68.8% was with protozoa, 50% was with nematodes, while 28.1% were with cestodes. On the other hand, in geese, the percentages with the mentioned parasites were 78.6% with protozoa, 54.2% with nematodes, 31.4% with cestodes. Four types of nematodes were identified in ducks; Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum, Heterakis isolonche, and Subulura brompti, the same were also found in geese except Heterakis.isolonche. Cestodes identified in ducks and geese were Railletina tetragona, Railletina echinobothrda, Railletina cesticillus and Coantaenia infundibulum. The detected protozoa include Eimeria spp., Tyzeria spp., Wenyonella spp., Cryptosporidia spp., Giardia spp. Double infection with parasite was higher in ducks while the triple infection in geese was the higher.
Physiological effects of lactic acid bacteria against melamine induced toxicity in female albino rats
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2021, Volume 35, Issue 1, Pages 1-7
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2020.126183.1259
The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of two type of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus against melamine toxicity by some physiological indicators in mature female rats after 21 days. In this study using 35 of female mature rats and divided randomly into seven groups each group contain five animals. The results showed that melamine caused a significant decrease in the organs weights liver and spleen and increase in kidney weight with increase of melamine concentration. Also showed to decrease in value of hemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells, lymphocyte and platelets, while the values of granules were increasing with increase of melamine concentration as compared with control group. Also found that the addition of melamine led to increase in cholesterol, low density lipoproteins and blood glucose, while the values of triglyceride and high density lipoproteins was decreased with increase of melamine concentration. The addition of two types of lactic acid bacteria L. casei and L. acidophilus led to decreasing the negative effect of melamine on the values of all the parameters determined.
Study of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the mouth of canary
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2020, Volume 34, Issue 2, Pages 301-304
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.125937.1192
The study was done for described genotypically characterize of Staph. aureus isolated from the oral cavity of canary birds in Mosul city using polymerase chain reaction technique which was achieved by amplifying of the thermonuclear nuc gene specialized with Staph. aureus. Sixty birds were examined from variable ages of both sexes from different regions of Mosul city for the period of 1/5/2018-1/6/2019 was carried out. The results indicate that 35 samples gave Staph. aureus with the percentage of 58.4%. These isolates are positive for pigmentation of mannitol salt agar, hemolysis on blood agar, catalase and coagulase-positive, gram staining and oxidase negative. PCR technique indicate that all 35 isolates were positive for the nuc gene and produce amplicon of 166 bp. These results considered positive and it is very specific for bacterial isolates of staph aureus as well as may be used for strain isolation, characterization, and differentiation from other types of bacteria.
Genetic detection to Aeromonas hydrophila proteolytic activity in milk samples (cows, buffaloes and goats) in Basra governorate
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2020, Volume 34, Issue 2, Pages 253-258
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.125888.1174
This study aim is to determine the incidence and the virulence of Aeromonas hydrophila in raw milk, randomly collected from Basra governorate by using of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. In this study, the total number of raw milk samples collected from cows, buffaloes and goats that kept from different the regions of Basra governorate were 90 samples. The PCR technique is modern method which regarded as a reliable tool to detect virulent gene of the A. hydrophila isolates. The PCR assays using the primers sets SerAh-F and SerAh-R resulted in the amplification of 650-bp bands from the targeted proteases gene of the A. hydrophil. The result of the present study showed that the results of PCR concerning the proteolytic activity of A. hydrophila in the tested raw milk samples according to animals' source. The higher percentage of the proteolytic activity was found in the cow's raw milk samples 40% and in the buffalo's milk samples was 26.7% while, the proteolytic activity did not find in the goat's milk samples. The association between the source of the milk sample and proteolytic A. hydrophila positive results was considered to be statistically highly significant. The higher percentage of the A. hydrophila isolates found in the raw cow milk was 40%, and the A. hydrophila isolates found in the raw buffalo milk was 26.7%, while, the A. hydrophila isolates did not find in the goat milk.
Natural heavy infection with immature sarcocysts of Sarcocytis spp. in sheep in Mosul city: A case report
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2020, Volume 34, Issue 2, Pages 373-376
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.125994.1210
This study included recording the natural heavy infection with immature macrocysts (Sarcocysts) of Sarcocytis spp. in sheep. The sheep is one years old which is slaughtered at butcher shop at Mosul city in May 2018. This is the first case recorded of natural infection with immature sarcocysts of Sarcocystis spp. in Mosul city. Many of small nodules were observed during slaughter, these nodules are seen within esophageal muscles in different sizes and shapes, they were distributed randomly throughout esophageal muscles. Most of the sarcosystis were small in size the mean of size between 20- 28×28-42 µm they were histological examination showed that presence of only metrocytes. This confirmed the diagnosis that the sarcocysts were immature macrocysts (sarcocysts) for the Sarcosystis spp. In our study, heavy infected case with Sarcocystis reveals the fact that large numbers of cats(final hosts) in contact with sheep in pastures is considered the main risk factor for infection and feed with raw meat from infected sheep, which is very important for carcass condemnation when the meat inspection when abnormalities are found which indicate that the part of carcass, is unfit for human consumption it is condemned, which means the economic loss for livestock.
Inhibition of Escherichia coli biofilm formation by Streptomyces sdLi crude extract
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2020, Volume 34, Issue 2, Pages 305-310
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.125965.1202
Biofilm is a microbial-protecting environment initiated on surfaces that reveals major health problems such as biofilms represented by dental plaques. Fighting biofilm formation is a hugely demanded process. Here, the crude extract of Streptomyces sdLi (sediment lake Iraq-sdLi) was used to check the anti-biofilm formation bioactivity (ABFB) against Escherichia coli (Orooba Meteab Diwanyah 4, OMD4) isolated from milk samples. Using a cross-streak method, each strain of Streptomyces spp. was tested for the best broad-spectrum ABFB. A triplex polymerase chain reaction (TPCR) method targeted specific genes and a fragment (hemin receptor molecule (chuA), uncharacterized protein YjaA (yjaA), and chuA TspE4.C2) was used to categorize 18 isolated OMD4. Using the alcoholic extract of liquid growth of the best strain with ABFB, a crystal violet biofilm assay (CVBA) was employed to test the ABFB against OMD4. The results of the screening test revealed Streptomyces sdLi with strongest ABFB; however, ethyl acetate, as one of the sdLi extracting solvents, was the most potent in in inhibiting the biofilm formation. The TPCR resulted in 18 isolates categorized into four groups A, B1, B2, and D in which B2 and D are known for their significant pathogenic activities in humans and animals. The results of the CVBA showed that Streptomyces sdLi extract was potential for its ABFB. This study recognizes that the Streptomyces sdLi extract is potential for deactivating biofilm formation by pathogenic E. coli which encourages future studies to consider this microorganism and/or its extract as a cure for the treatment of E. coli related illnesses in humans and animals.
Pathogenesis of Salmonella enterica serovar albany in experimental infected SPF BALB/c Mice
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2020, Volume 34, Issue 2, Pages 339-344
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.126269.1282
Salmonellosis remains an important zoonotic disease and public health concern, Salmonella enterica serovar Albany is one of the motile serovars which has been identified from poultry and humans. However, its pathogenic potentials and shedding probability and duration from infected/colonized chickens have never been reported. To assess its pathogenic potentials and shedding probability 6 SPF BALB/c mice was inoculated with 0.1ml volume for each mice bacterial solution of 108 CFU/ml of Salmonella entrica serovar Albany after 24 hours the segments of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon were fixed to study the histopathology and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the Salmonella entrica serovar Albany in the intestinal mucus swabs. The control group consist of 6 SPF BALB/c mice were inoculated with 0.1ml of 0.9% normal saline, The pathogenesis incidence rate of the disease caused by S. entrica serovar Albany revealed that prominent blood vessels on caecum 100%, red intestinal serosal 100%, infiltration of inflammatory cells in the crypt of liberkhun and submuscular layer of small intestine 100%, enterocyte necrosis 100%, haemorrhagic enteritis 83.3%, cecitis 33.3%, colonitis 66.6%, villus atrophy 100%, crypt atrophy 100%, and detachment of epithelial tissue 50%, can occur as soon as 24 hours post infection. Infected S. entrica serovar Albany was also successfully re-isolated from the intestinal swabs which revealed that the mice is potentially shed the bacteria through feces.
Detection of the extended spectrum β-lactamase produced by Escherichia coli from dairy cows by using the Vitek-2 method in Tulungagung regency, Indonesia
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2020, Volume 34, Issue 1, Pages 203-207
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.125707.1134

Investigate the Toxoplasma gondii infection in the consumed beef in Al-Diwaniyah province
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2020, Volume 34, Issue 1, Pages 95-99
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2020.164336

Bioremediation of lead and cadmium and the strive role of Pediococcus pentosaceus probiotic
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2020, Volume 34, Issue 1, Pages 51-57
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.125581.1092

Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in broiler and broilers farm workers in Duhok, Iraq by using conventional and PCR techniques
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2020, Volume 34, Issue 1, Pages 15-22
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.125757.1145

Detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in raw cow’s milk using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2020, Volume 34, Issue 1, Pages 83-86
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.125556.1075

Detection of Shigella in raw bovine milk by polymerase chain reaction
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2020, Volume 34, Issue 1, Pages 9-16
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.125758.1146

Evaluation the efficiency of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae as biocontrol agent for adults of hard ticks Hyalomma anatolicum
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2019, Volume 33, Issue 2, Pages 57-62
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.163088
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae as a vital agent for the control of the Hyalomma anatolicum, which is infested on buffalo fields in some villages of Anbar province, Iraq. The results showed that different concentrations of the fungus 4.2*110, 4.2*310, 4.2*510 pg/ml were capable of killing the tick eggs, and the kill rate was proportional to the higher concentrations used. After 3 days of treatment, moreover causing a high proportion of phenotyping deformation in male and female ticks.
Different vectors used to transform and clone of nonstructural NS1 gene of Influenza B in Escherichia coli
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2019, Volume 33, Issue 2, Pages 329-333
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.162964
Flu is a highly contagious and common illness caused by influenza A, B, and C viruses. The aim of the present study was to investigate the transformation and cloning of NS1B gene with pET-32a, pET-32b and pQE-81L in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and DH5α. pUC57-NS1B synthetic gene was transform and clone in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Isolation, single digestion and ligation with pET-32b using HindIII restriction enzyme. Amplification of recombinant DNA was done with conventional PCR after transformation. Screening with IPTG of colonies. Gel electrophoresis was done for each step of cloning after isolation. Isolation, double digestion and ligation with pET-32a and pQE-81L using SacI, PstI and HindIII respectively.Recombinant DNA was attempted to be transformed into E. coli strains BL21 (DE3) and DH5α. pUC57 plasmid carrying NS1B gene was successful transformed and isolated from E. coli BL21 (DE3). Designed primers used for PCR of NS1B showed successful amplification. First screening of pET-32b-NS1B colonies using white/blue method, cloning NS1B into pET-32b using single restriction digestion with HindIII, pET-32a using double restriction digestion with SacI and HindIII and pQE-81L using double restriction digestion with PstI and HindIII gave unexpected result. This result may relate to re-ligation of digested vector for single digestion and uncompleted digestion for vectors of double restriction digestion. Current study has suggested that recombinant NS1B gene can be cloned using single digestion with other expression vectors.
Isolation and identification of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria with detection of type-1 fimbriae coding gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2019, Volume 33, Issue 2, Pages 195-199
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.162961
Two hundred faeces sample were collected from cattle with different age and sex in Al- Diwaniyah Province. The study was conducted in the period between November 2016 and November 2017. Salmonella typhimurium bacteria identified by routine methods such as culturing on selective media, biochemical test and agglutination test using monovalent and multivalent antisera. PCR was can detection type-1 fimbriae gene coding for fimC of Salmonella typhimurium. Results showed that Salmonella isolates were 14.5% in the bovine fecal samples. Also, the serotyping of isolates by using monovalent and polyvalent antisera revealed that all Salmonella isolates in cows were S. typhimurium. The PCR technique was used for detection of type-1 fimbriae coding gene by specific primer for fimC gene. All S. typhimurium isolates in cows appeared to be contained this gene show one distinct band MW.289 bp when electrophoresed on agarose gel. The results of this score indicated that the PCR technique potentate a loud specify in the disclosing of S. typhimurium especially the serotype that encoded to fimC gene type-1 fimbriae isolated from cows in comparison to other routine diagnostic tests.
Nad1 gene analysis of Echinococcus granulosus from sheep in Aqrah city, Iraq
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2019, Volume 33, Issue 2, Pages 341-345
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.162965
Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) is a dog tapeworm cestoda; it is larval stage responsible to cystic echinococcosis, one of the most common and dangerous worldwide zoonotic parasitic disease. The aim of this study was the molecular identification of the local strain of E. granulosus isolated from sheep liver slaughtered in the principal abattoir of Aqrah city, Northern of Iraq during Jun-Nov. 2017. In this study, 37 sheep liver infected by E. granulosus, 12 of high DNA purity fertile (have protoscolices) cyst of them were considered. A molecular study conducted on the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 1 (nad1) gene. Results demonstrated that E. granulosus isolates were sheep strain (G1) genotype, with fascinating highly corresponding 95% and 96% to global isolates, particularly to north African and Mediterranean countries, by employing phylogenetic tree analysis. So, the isolates of our project were deposited in Genbank (accession No. MG792129). This study findings provide that the local isolates of E. granulosus from sheep liver in Aqrah city, Northern of Iraq are loyally equivalent to global strains and isolates, in addition, nad1 gene considers a perfect biomarker in a molecular identification and phylogenetic study of this parasite.
Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by using of cultural and PCR technique
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2019, Volume 33, Issue 2, Pages 469-473
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.125484.1016
Laboratory methods are essential for the diagnosis of Mycoplasmal infection. There are three laboratory approaches are essential for the diagnosis of Mycoplasmal infection in chicken including direct methods by culture method and polymerase chain reaction, and indirect methods by detection of Mycoplasmal antibodies by serological tests. This study aimed to detection of Mycoplasma by culture and PCR technique. Two hundred seventy-six samples were collected from infected adult boiler chicken in Salah Al-din province which suffering from respiratory signs and /or joint infection, 202 respiratory and 74 articular samples. According to the results of culture, Mycoplasma isolated in rate of 35.1% (36.6% from respiratory samples and 31.1% from articular samples). The sensitivity of culture was 100%, while the specificity of culture was 97.9% when comparing with PCR results. The current study concluded that the respiratory infection was more than articular infections, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum more distributed than Mycoplasma synoviae among chickens.
Propagation of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in embryonated chicken egg
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2019, Volume 33, Issue 2, Pages 81-86
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.163171
The study included the injection of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimuriumisolated from starlings bird in embryonated chicken eggs. The eggs were divided into eight groups, each group contain 6 eggs. The G1 and G2 groups were injected with the sterile normal saline solution in the choriaollantoic membrane (CAM) and yolk sac as negative control. The group G3 and G4 injected by bacterial suspension at a concentration of 104 cfu/ml in the CAM and yolk sac while the G5 and G6 injected with bacterial concentration 106 cfu/ml in the CAM and yolk sac respectively. Finally, the G7 and G8 groups were injected with 108 cfu/ml of bacterial suspension in the CAM and yolk sac respectively. The results showed that the highest percentage of death in eggs embryos was 100% in the sixth group after 96 hours of injection. There was also a significant increase in the number of bacteria in correlation with time of incubation. The highest rate of bacterial isolate was 8,19log10, 8,26log10 after 96 and 144 hours in the sixth group, while the highest number of bacterial isolates was 7.04log10 and 6.31log10 in the third and fourth groups after 48 and 96 hours of injection respectively. The results of the statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the number of bacterial isolate after 24 hours of injection in both concentrations compared to other incubation times. A significantrelationship was also found between the amount of the dose used and the bacterial disease. this study concluded that Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from starlings can cause pathological changes and effect on hatchery percentage in embryonated chicken eggs.
Serotyping, virulence gene expression and phenotypic characterization of E. coli O157:H7 in colibacillosis affecting buffalo calves in Basra governorate
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2019, Volume 33, Issue 2, Pages 445-451
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.163198
The objective of the current study was to detect the clinical signs of colibacillosis in buffalo calves, isolate E. coli O157:H7, detect its virulence gene eaeA using PCR and estimate its prevalence.The current study sampled 120 buffalo calves aged 1day to 5 months from the Al- Basra veterinary Hospital and Private veterinary clinic within the Basra province between October 2017 and July 2018. A total of 100 calves were naturally diarrheic and the other 20 calves served as controls. The clinical sings in the diarrheic subjects included a significant increase in body temperature, heart rates, respiration rates and capillary refill time as compared to control group. Other clinical signs included whitish to yellowish watery diarrhea with tincture of blood, anorexia, weakness, depression, weak suck reflex, dry oral mucous membranes, cold extremities, weak peripheral pulse, dehydration and death. Using phenotypic characterization tools like MacConky agar, EMB agar, biochemical tests and Viteck, 83 out 100 diarrhea samples confirmed E. coli. Using CT- SMACT agar, 31 out of 83 E. coli isolates were E. coli O157:H7 positive. The PCR result indicated that 47 out of the 83 isolated E. coli samples were positive for eaeA virulence gene. In conclusion, this study is a debut in the report of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 isolation and genes identification in buffalo calves in Iraq. Therefore, proper prevention and control measures are requisite to curtail the mortality and morbidity rate caused by Colibacillosis.
Diagnostic study for Listeria monocytogenes isolated from brain and meat of sheep in Mosul city
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2019, Volume 33, Issue 2, Pages 51-55
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.163087
This study included collect of 150 samples from brain and meat of sheep from the slaughterhouse and local butchers shop in Mosul city. 50 sample from each (brain, cutting meat, and minced meat) which used for detection of listeria monocytogenes. The International Standard Organization (ISO) methods were used for isolation. The isolated bacteria were diagnosed according to bacterial morphology, culture, and biochemical characteristics. 10 isolates were obtained, which included 2(4%) isolates from the brain of sheep, 3 (6%) isolates from cut meat and 5(10%) from minced meat. Virulence factors tests were used for bacterial isolates which include, lecithinase, lipase, protease, esterase, and hemolysin. Antibiotic sensitivity test for bacterial isolates was also used for some antibiotics. The results indicated that all isolates were sensitive to Ampicillin, Gentamycin, Chloramphenicol, and resistant to Nalidixic acid. However, they showed variant sensitivity to other antibiotics. In conclusion, this study documented that L monocytogenes can be isolated from brain and meat of sheep in Mosul city.
Molecular identification of allelic genotypes of pyrethroid-insecticide resistance in housefly, Iraq
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2019, Volume 33, Issue 2, Pages 209-212
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.125538.1060
According to global-wide presence of insecticides resistance to pyrethroids, the current study identified the purpose to detect the allelic genotypes regarding this issue in house flies in Iraq. From the governorate of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq, 60 morphologically and molecularly recognized house flies were caught from 6 different regions. Using a technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific allele (PASA), PCR was employed to reveal the presence of allele-genetic variations in the para-type sodium channel (para) gene to recognize knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation from the homozygous-wild type of complete susceptibility (sus/sus) to the mutated-homozygous type of complete resistance (kdr/kdr) or to the mutated-heterozygous type (kdr/sus). Here, these genotypes were targeted using specific primers to identify these genetic variations. The results have declared the presence of the sus/sus at 100%-frequency rate in all flies, and none of the other genotypes were detected (0%) in all flies. This valued piece of result indicates the reality of resistance persistence due to lack of insecticide-spraying programs in the governorate. This study provides high-quality information about the current status of insecticide resistance in house flies in Iraq about supporting the fact of genetic-base development of such resistance via frequent use of insecticides.
Molecular characterization of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157 and O153 isolated from tissue camel and human stool samples in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2019, Volume 33, Issue 1, Pages 81-86
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.125530.1052
The present study aimed to describe the genetic relationships of zoonotic characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from human and livestock camel clinical infection. The study includes collected (50) meat of camel and (50) stool human samples. These samples were foreword to traditional bacterial isolation and identification using enrichment culture method and biochemical tests, then confirmed by PCR technique based on Gyr B gene Escherichia coli and DNA sequencing was done on some positive isolates. The results show that Escherichia coli were isolated from animals at 42 (84%) and 39 (78%) from human infection. The PCR technique was show highly sensitive and specific confirmative detection of Escherichia coli the positive results into 40 (95%) meat sample of camel, and 35 (89.7%) stool sample of a human. To evaluate of Virulence E.coli,we used specific virulence hlyA gene from NCBI-GenBank, published sequence of E. coli hly A gene (Genbank code: X94129.1) and the results show high of presence of virulence gene hly A in camel in percentage (19) 45% than of virulence gene in human (15) 38%. DNA sequencing of a partial sequence of GyrB gene was shown highly homology sequence identity with NCBI-Blast Escherichia coli strain O157H7 isolates from human and O153H3 from the camel. The phylogenetic analysis was shown there is clear genetic similarity at between human and animal’s E. coli isolates and then the gene sequence deposited into NCBI-Genbank accession numbers (MG560867.1, MG560866.1). Also, study design for detection of some virulence gene hly A Escherichia coli. In conclusion, there prevalence E. coli in humans and camel. Therefore, it is essential to define the role of animals as an important source for the distribution of pathogen related to public health. Our study found gyrB gene sequence could be used for identification and making a phylogenetic analysis of gyrB nucleotide.
The genetic relationship for Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from human urinary tract and beef
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2019, Volume 33, Issue 1, Pages 75-80
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.125531.1053
The present study aimed to describe the genetic relationships of zoonotic characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Human urinary tract and beef. The study includes (50) urine samples from human and (50) beef samples. The isolation and identification of Klebsiella pneumonia were done by using enrichment culture method and Vitek 2, then confirmed by PCR technique based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene which designed in this study using NCBI-GenBank (LT599801.1) and DNA sequencing was done on some positive isolates. The results show that Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from Beef at 38(76%) And from human at 32(64%) by vitek2. The PCR technique was show highly sensitive and specific confirmative detection of Klebsiella Pneumonia isolates at Clarify DNA sequencing of a partial sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA gene was shown homology sequence identity highly with NCBI-Blast Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. The phylogenetic analysis was show clear genetic similarity at (0.5 genetic change) between human and beef in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. The gene sequence deposited into NCBI-GenBank accession numbers (MF314450.1, MF314451.1, MF314452.1, MF314453.1). In conclusion, the study presents the first report in Iraq of genetic relationship among K. pneumoniae isolates from beef and humans. Therefore, it is essential to define the role of animals as an important source for the distribution of pathogen related to public health.
Plasmid transformation and curing of nalidixic acid gene in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from buffaloes mastitis and workerʼs hands
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2018, Volume 32, Issue 2, Pages 167-174
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2019.153845
The present study was designed to detect resistant site of nalidixic acid through transformation and plasmid curing of S. aureus strains isolated from buffalo milk with subclinical mastitis and workers’ hands. A total of 37 S. aureus isolates including 17 isolates recovered from buffalo milk infected with subclinical mastitis, in addition to 20 isolates recovered from workers’ hands. All 37 isolates were investigated by detection of the 23S rRNA gene and various other species specific genes including coa, nuc and clfA. The antibiotic resistance of S. aureus isolates was performed by the discs diffusion method using 19 antibiotics. Plasmid transformation method was carried out by transferring the plasmid isolated from S. aureus into competent Escherichia coli HB 101 in order to detection the resistant site of nalidixic acid. Plasmid curing was accomplished by preparing different concentrations of nalidixic acid (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 µg/ml) and cultured transformed E.coli on LB agar supported with each of the aforementioned concentrations. The molecular results showed that six isolates (five isolates from milk samples and one from workers’ hands) were identified as S. aureus by coa, nuc, and clfA species specific primers. The six S. aureus isolates were found to be resistant to at least 5 antibiotics which included the nalidixic acid. The results of plasmid transformation revealed that E. coli was able to grow on LB agar supported with 100µg/ml, 150 µg/ml, 200 µg/ml and 250 µg/mlof nalidixic acid and failed to grow on 300 µg/ml concentration.
Antimicrobial and antifungal activity of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) leaves extracted by four organic solvents and water
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2018, Volume 32, Issue 1, Pages 33-39
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2018.153791
Pumpkin is a rich source of vitamin A, being high in beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. It provides substantial fiber, niacin, and lutein (important antioxidant). Pumpkin seeds have many health benefits, some of which include a good source of protein, zinc, and other vitamins, and are even said to lower cholesterol, Pumpkin plant was mentioned in the holy Quran as protector to protect the prophet Yonah, peace upon him after his expulsion from the whale. The present work was design to elucidate and evaluate different organic solvents i.e. (Distilled water, Ethanol, Hexane, and Petroleum ether) extracts of pumpkin leaves against some of the pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The results showed pumpkin leaves extracts were able to inhibit bacterial (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungal (Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans) growth, comparable with the known antibiotic Ciprofloxacin and the antifungal drug Kenazole. There were no significant differences among different solvents in their ability to produce anti- microbial activity except petroleum ether. Petroleum ether extracts did not show any bacterial growth retardation while it showed anti –fungal inhibition in higher concentrations for Aspergillus fumigates and Aspergillus niger, while Candida albicans seem to be resistant to the petroleum ether extract of pumpkin leaves.
Detection of Escherichia coli hlyA gene and Staphylococcus aureus Sea gene in raw milk of buffaloes using RT-PCR technique in AL- Qadisiyah province
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2018, Volume 32, Issue 1, Pages 87-91
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2018.153815
The aim of this study was to determines the prevalence of virulence gene hemolysin A (hly A) Escherichia coli and Staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea) in Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk buffaloes. In molecular laboratory, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique has been performed for 24 samples which have been taken randomly from Buffaloes milk, using primers of high specificity for Escherichia coli hlyA gene and Staphylococcus aureus Sea genes. The results showed different degrees of the studied genes activities. Four out of 24 samples represented S. aureus Sea gene (16.6%) whereas 16 out of 24 samples represented E. coli hlyA gene (66.6%). this study concluded that buffaloes milk might be a source of contamination with pathogenic bacteria of virulent genes which may have different levels of activities.
Investigating and identifying Chlamydia psittaci in asymptomatic and symptomatic domestic dogs in middle province of Iran
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2017, Volume 31, Issue 2, Pages 91-94
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2017.145603
C. psittaci is one of the dog’s pathogen which can cause respiratory disorders in various hosts and human beings. Chlamydiae are obligatory interacellular bacteria which belong to Chlamydiales. Conjunctival and pharyngeal swabs were taken from 50 captive dogs presented at veterinary clinics of Isfahan and Shahrekord to determine the percentage of infection and prevalence of C. Psittaci in domestic dogs. Samples were collected during 2014 from a total of 7 different breeds of dog; 1-German shepherd 2-Terrier 3- Mixed Poodle 4-Doberman pinscher 5-Persian sheepdog 6- Siberian husky 7-Pekingese breeds were sampled. The molecular PCR method was used to detect this microorganism in captive dogs and C. psittaci was detected in 9 (18%) of them.
Isolation and identification of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli from broiler in Erbil, Iraq
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2017, Volume 31, Issue 1, Pages 31-38
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2017.126717
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from slaughtered broilers in retail market that sell live chickens in Erbil city, Iraq. Forty-one cloacal fecal samples from broiler caecum were investigated from January to April 2016. ESBLs strains were isolated using MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime 1 mg/l and the isolates were identified phynotypically by biochemical tests, TBX agar and VITEK-2 compact system. A total of 34 Escherichia coli and 4 Proteus mirabilis were analysed for determination of ESBL/AmpC by disc diffusion test using antimicrobial 68DC MAST® ESβL discs group including cefpodoxime, cefpodoxime + ESBL inhibitor, cefpodoxime + AmpC inhibitor and cefpodoxime + ESBL inhibitor + AmpC inhibitor and 67DC MAST® ESβL discs group including cefpodoxime, cefpodoxime + clavulanate, ceftazidime, ceftazidime + clavulanate, cefotaxime and cefotaxime + clavulanate. The phenotypic results showed that in group 68DC discs 23.7% E. coli were resistant to cefpodoxime and in group 67DC discs 73.7% of E. coli and 7.9% of P. mirabilis were resistance to one or more of the cefpodoxime, ceftazidime and ceftazidime. Final results revealed that 78.0% of samples were ESBLs/ AmpC positive. This study is the first examination to determine phenorypically E. coli producing ESBLs/AmpC in broiler chickens in Iraq. Conclusion, the healthy broiler can be a major source of ESBLs/AmpC and the possibility that transmitted to humans through the food chain, direct contact and the surrounding environment raises the concerns about public health and safety of poultry meat and the negative consequences of drug therapy that causes the spread of antibiotic resistance.
An update review of confirmed pathogens of six animal species in Iraq
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2016, Volume 30, Issue 1, Pages 15-17
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2016.116863
This updated review tabulates confirmed pathogens of some diseases in selected animal species in Iraq. Laboratory confirmations were done on all the reported cases.
Pathological findings associated with experimental Mycobaterium bovis infection in rabbits
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2005, Volume 19, Issue 1, Pages 83-89
DOI:
10.33899/ijvs.2005.37424
During the 2nd week post inoculation of thirteen rabbits with Mycobacterium bovis tuberculosis lesions appeared in the lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, mediastinal and hepatic lymph nodes and in the omentum with an equal distribution in these organs. During the 4th week post inoculation, these tuberculosis lesions increased in size to become well developed granulomas with caseated centers. These granulomas persisted to the 6th, 8th and 10th weeks post inoculation and became more encapsulated later on. Three rabbits died during the 7th week post inoculation due to generalized tuberculosis.